Marketing Paper Final Exam Essay

Last Paper Marketing envelops the perplexing pattern of each phase of an item, from origination to the last deal and everything in the middle. Advertisers are tested with recognizing the purchasers needs/needs and dealing with the procedure to address those issues. Each item an advertiser creates experiences four phases throughout its life, The Product Life Cycle. Each phase of the item life cycle (Introduction, Growth, Maturity, and Decline) have one of a kind attributes that an advertiser faces as they make utility and attempt to keep up or develop their piece of the overall industry. Through each stage publicizing is basic and advertisers attempt to illuminate, convince and remind customers about their item. The thing that matters is the methodology and focal point of the promoting. Each item that comes to showcase goes into the Introduction Stage. This is where purchasers are first acquainted with the item. â€Å"During the starting phase of the item life cycle, a firm attempts to invigorate interest for the new market passage. † (Boone and Kurtz, 2006, p. 371) An advertiser must interface with buyers to make a business opportunity for the new item. Consistently several new items enter the early on stage. As of now an item that is simply starting to grab hold is top quality TVs (HDTVs). HDTVs communicate pictures with expanded clearness and give the watcher (purchaser) choices on camera edges and extra data. Right now, â€Å"Yankee Group gauges that 15 percent of American family units presently own (a HDTV), with Forrester assessing 10 percent probably. † (Crawford, 2005) During the early on stage, advertisers are attempting to acquaint the item with buyers. One of the manners in which advertisers succeed is in offering advancements or limits to wholesalers to get the item in the commercial center. The greater part of the publicizing centers around advising people in general about the new item. While data is vital, promoters additionally attempt to convince shoppers to buy the item and in many cases remind customers where they can discover the item. The Introductory stage is the place all items start. It is in this beginning time that items are refined dependent on customer and dispersion criticism. In many cases the quantities of advertisers are insignificant in the early on stage as the market is being created. As an item discovers its market and starts to pick up acknowledgment, it moves into the Growth Stage of the item life cycle. The development stage is the place an item observes its business volumes increment drastically. At this phase in the product’s life, â€Å"new clients make starting buys and early purchasers repurchase. † (Boone and Kurtz, 2006, p. 372) Early advertisers find expanded rivalry as their rivals enter the item space to partake in the benefits. Satellite TV has gone into the development advertise with the coming of the little dish. Early satellite TV was basically constrained to provincial regions that were distant to digital TV. The dishes were enormous and ugly. As the innovation has progresses and the satellite dish has contracted to less then twenty-four inches, purchasers have hurried to the choice to digital TV. Satellite TV advertisers are proceeding to refine their item in this development stage. As of late, the best two suppliers of satellite TV marked arrangements to give reasonable rapid web access. â€Å"For satellite-TV suppliers, the administration is another approach to offer a full line of items. † (AP, 2006) The development stage is the place advertisers move from an overwhelming spotlight on data in promoting to an increasingly powerful methodology. The powerful methodology permits the advertisers to separate from contenders and urge people to not be abandoned. On the off chance that the item space draws in various advertisers, valuing, highlights and different differentiators are utilized in the publicizing to assist advertisers with picking up or keep up piece of the overall industry. The Growth Stage of the item life cycle is mind boggling and evolving. Advertisers depend on verbal, mass publicizing and falling costs to continue the force and enthusiasm for the item. The objective of the development stage is to get hesitant purchasers to purchase and current clients to repurchase. As an item develops and development settles, the item moves in the Maturity Stage. Deals start to level and gracefully surpasses interest without precedent for the items life cycle. Contending advertisers have overflowed the field and benefits start to get discouraged. These components make pressure on advertisers to proceed with their brands manageability. Carbonated soda pops are an exceptionally full grown item. As per the American Beverage Association (ABA) the beginnings of the advanced soft drink began in the 1830’s. (ABA, 2006) The ABA appraises that there are more than 450 brands in the item space. The quantity of brands makes furious rivalry for American’s 65 billion in yearly buys. Adverting in the develop phase of a product’s life is tied in with expanding buys, separating your image and finding new uses or markets for the item. In the soda pop space advertisers attempt VIP supports and item separation. 7-UP is â€Å"the un-cola†, attempting to draw its qualification among increasingly well known cola brands. Whatever approach the advertiser takes in promoting, the objective is to broaden the development organize and keep up benefits for whatever length of time that conceivable. An item in the develop phase of the item life cycle doesn't show fast approaching death. As showed above, soda pops keep on telling consumer’s dollars. Advertisers will regularly look to new markets and changes in the item to broaden the life of the item. Probably the biggest battle for develop items is keeping up benefits as rivalry drives down costs. As the item leaves development it enters the Decline Stage in the Product life cycle. An items decrease is regularly connected to new advances. Advertisers center around reminding the rest of the clients in the market that they are there for the consumer’s needs. Deals decay, benefits decrease and the item space in the end looses cash. VCRs are an item on the decrease in the United States. With the development of DVDs and the decrease in cost of DVRs, VCRs are loosing rack space and piece of the pie. Advertisers periodically scan for new markets as items decrease in their current markets. So while the United States and Europe may progress to another innovation, developing economies may grasp the â€Å"older† and less expensive innovation, in this manner broadening the items life. Publicizing an item in the phase of decay centers around reminding the rest of the purchaser base the item despite everything exists.

Primary Concepts of Therapy and Training Groups Essay

Essential Concepts of Therapy and Training Groups - Essay Example Treatment Groups These are bunches sorted out for permitting advisors (at least one) to work with a few people at the same time. It is a type of psychotherapy. These gatherings are found in various spots, for instance in public venues, mental emergency clinics, private practices (treatment rehearses). Frequently, treatment bunches are utilized to regard patients as the main treatment plan. Be that as it may, they may likewise be utilized nearby other treatment plans, for example, drug of patients and individual treatment meetings. The gatherings are normally included seven to twelve individuals, it is anyway conceivable to have bigger or littler gatherings. There gatherings are either week after week or every other week. The base number of absolute gatherings is six, however a few gatherings meet for a year. There gatherings are either open or shut. With open gatherings, new members can participate whenever while in the shut gatherings there are center individuals, who are the main p ermitted partakers. Gatherings occur in a setting where seats are masterminded around to encourage each member’s capacity to see the all individuals. ... Treatment bunches depend on various standards. Yalom and Lesczc (9) layout a portion of these standards in their 2005 distribution. Key among the standards of treatment bunches is that they go about as wells of trust in the patients. This is on the grounds that these gatherings are included various people who are accepting treatment at various stages. The individuals who are at further developed stages go about as wellsprings of trust in the individuals who are just barely starting their particular systems. Furthermore, the gathering individuals draw consolation from the way that their concern are all inclusive by getting lumped along with others that are managing similar issues (Yalom&Lesczc, 17). A third standard is that of getting and sharing data, whereby bunch individuals figure out how to adapt to the issues confronting them by gaining from the encounters of others. Another guideline is the way that these gatherings go about as a family for the individuals from the gatherin g. These gatherings permit the individuals to investigate the effect of specific endeavors in youth and different phases of life affected their personality and conduct. Aside from these, the gatherings depend on the rule of growing new strategies of socialization. The gathering gives a scene to the individuals to embrace and practice new practices while diminishing the dread of judgment because of disappointment. Another rule that Yalom and Lesczc (25) diagram is learning by impersonation, whereby people model their activities relying upon the activities of different individuals from the gathering, or those of the advisors. There is likewise relational learning, whereby the gathering association gives a chance to a person to get constructive or pessimistic criticism on their activities from different individuals. Another guideline is purgation, where the individuals accomplish a feeling of torment

Advice On The Essay

Advice On The Essay I recently opened my in-box to find an email from someone who would love to interview an admissions officer from your prestigious university to measure the impact of the admissions essay on todays college applicant. The email included a bunch of questions. Seemed harmless enough, so without thinking too much about it, I wrote the following in response: Hi, Essays are a wonderful way to connect with the selection committee on a human level, i.e. beyond all of the test scores, grades, etc so we read them very carefully. Quite simply, we are looking for the applicants true voice when we read his or her essay. Not some perfect piece of prose worthy of a magazine, or something that has been edited and edited and edited by a variety of different people. Just a voice, and therefore, a connection. We can always tell when an applicants essay has been edited to be something other than his or her true voice. Encourage students to write from the heart and to not have their essays edited by any counselor, service, parent, etc I cant speak for all schools, but here at MIT, thats what were looking for. Best wishes, Ben After sending the email I got curious about the URL in the recipients email address, so I checked out the site. Turns out its run by a team of professional journalists who will help you craft the perfect essay for a price, of course. (Anywhere from a few bucks for basic proofreading to three figures for a full-blown rewrite the irony being this: the more you pay, the less it will be your voice!) Oooops. I guess my response wasnt very helpful to them. But hopefully it will be helpful to you. The rules are simple: write your own essays. Thats the best advice anyone can give to you. Your application is full of grades and test scores and teachers writing things about you and interviewers writing things about you and things inferred from your participation in clubs and sports and whatever else you do the essay is the one place where you get to say hey, Im a human being, let me connect with you on that level, here is my voice, here is who I am. Thats all were really looking for. To clarify, Im not telling you to shut your parents or counselors out of the process entirely. Its always nice to have someone look over your writing and fix the things that spell-check doesnt catch, like when you spell here as hear or their as there or theyre. Or, if youre so close to an experience that you take for granted that the reader will know what youre talking about, its nice to have someone say dont take for granted that your reader will know what youre talking about. Stuff like that is fine. But theres a big difference between those little things and the act of someone else rewriting your essay for you to the point that its no longer your work or, even worse, your voice. So dont go there. To summarize: be yourself, and let your essay be a perfect window into that person. Youre the best only person who can truly translate that into words.

Tragic Case of Ralph Tortorici - 897 Words

The film we watched was a Frontline documentary about the tragic case of Ralph Tortorici called A Case of Insanity. On December 14, 1994 Ralph went into a lecture hall with a rifle and a hunting knife taking the whole classroom hostage. He demanded to speak to President Clinton, and threatened to kill the hostages if they did not comply with his demands. Ralph was calm towards the students held hostage and demanded people from outside to gather food for them. 19-year-old Jason McEnaney attempted to wrestle the rifle out of Ralph’s hands, but this caused the to go off and he was shot in the genital area. Several students attacked Ralph and held him until the police came in and arrested him. Ralph was taken to jail with 14 counts of†¦show more content†¦As a child, Ralph was very intelligent, athletic and was very popular, but in his teen years Ralph started becoming more aggressive towards his family. Ralph was born with a defective urethra and had gone through multipl e operations to fix it, and as he become more delusional he felt that during one of his operations, the government placed microchips throughout his body (PBS). Ralph went to go see a psychiatrist and asked to be given an x-ray and when the x-rays came up negative, he continued to believe that the microchips were still inside him and he felt that the psychiatrist was on the government’s side as well. He later went to the police complaining about the micro chips inserted in his body and was sent to the same psychiatric center. Ralph’s paranoia schizophrenia also made him depressed, fearful and anxious. Tortorici became addicted to drugs and used them to escape from his paranoia. His addiction became a huge concern because his mother said â€Å"He started doing drugs again and he locked himself in the bathroom to smoke crack† (PBS). After various tests, doctors came to the conclusion that Tortorici dealt with a great amount of depression, suicidal ideas and he had tested positive for cocaine (PBS). The prosecution was only able to obtain one doctor. Dr. Siegel was the only psychiatrist that would agree to meet Ralph

The Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne And Herman...

Nathaniel Hawthorne and Herman Melville were well acquainted with one another and wrote a series of letters back and forth for a time. Their friendship has been seen as â€Å"one of the most famous in American literary history† (Hayford 435). Both authors have received a lot of attention as two of the more prominent writers of the nineteenth century and their names are often thrown together in criticism of that era. Nathaniel Hawthorne’s most famous novel is likley The Scarlet Letter while Herman Melville is both famous and infamous for the long descriptions of Moby Dick. Criticism often compares these two authors and these two novels, studying symbols such as the sea or themes such as revenge. What is less explored is the particular use of children in both of these books. Each of these books feature a childish figure who brings forward the themes and concerns in the novel and the children of both novels are presented in a similar light. These characters are Pip and Pearl and, while each has received attention separately, there is more to learn about the novels through a comparison of the two. In The Scarlet Letter, the young Pearl plays an instrumental part in the development of the novels plots and themes. She has received some attention because of her memorable position in the books. In fact, one critic claims that Hawthorne â€Å"warns us that we shall have difficulties in understanding the plot unless we can interpret Pearl properly† (Qin 32). Understand Pearl opens aShow MoreRelatedHerman Melville and Nathaniel Hawthorne Show the Unbridgeable Gap Between Human Desires and Human Possibilities and the Mixture of Good and Evil in Even the Loftiest of Human Motives987 Words   |  4 PagesSantangelo Hawthorne and Melville In both works, â€Å"Bartleby the Scrivener† and The Scarlet Letter, Herman Melville and Nathaniel Hawthorne show the unbridgeable gap between human desires and human possibilities and the mixture of good and evil in even the loftiest of human motives. In â€Å"Bartleby the Scrivener† by Herman Melville, this idea is shown by how the Lawyer keeps Bartleby as one of his employers, even though Bartleby does not deserve to still be working. In the Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel HawthorneRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Influence On American Literature And The Genre Of Romanticism Essay1472 Words   |  6 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne was one of the most important authors in the history of American literature and the genre of Romanticism or Dark Romanticism, due to his unique style of writing and his focus upon subjects of Puritan religion and the unknown. I consider Hawthorne an important author, due to the fact that he skillfully and accurately based his fictional writings upo n happenings of colonial times, was one of the first authors to display unfortunate outcomes for his characters’ immoral choices accordingRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter And Bartleby, The Scrivener1251 Words   |  6 Pages In The Scarlet Letter, Nathaniel Hawthorne narrates a Romantic story of a young woman in the Puritan Era who is convicted of adultery and has to face being a social outcast. Herman Melville examines the story of Bartleby, a copyist who mysteriously refuses to work and is, therefore, put in jail. In The Scarlet Letter and Bartleby, the Scrivener: A Story of Wall-street, Hawthorne and Melville use the characterization of Hester Prynne and Bartleby and their independent behavior to critique the effectRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne960 Words   |  4 Pages3H 13 August 2014 The novel, The Scarlet Letter, was written by the author Nathaniel Hawthorne and was published in 1850 (1). It is a story about the Puritan settlers of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, set around 1650 (2). The story is written in the third person with the narrator being the author. The common thread that runs through this novel is Hawthorne’s apparent understanding of the beliefs and culture of the Puritans in America at that time. But Hawthorne is writing about events in a societyRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne: An Author that Influenced and Reshaped our Literature1083 Words   |  5 Pagesbeing modified. American literature is no exception. Many great writers have influenced and reshaped our literature, and Nathaniel Hawthorne is one of them. He faced his problems and moved on. He was and is one of the most influential American writers, and he is more than a writer. Nathaniel Hawthorne was born on July 4, 1804, in Salem, Massachusetts to Nathaniel and Elizabeth Hawthorne. His original last name was Hathorne, but he added the w when he started writing to avoid confusion with his great-grandfatherRead MoreEdgar Allen Poe And Nathaniel Hawthorne1705 Words   |  7 Pagesways; it either regarded as an extension of the human personality, or nature is regarded as a vehicle for spirits such as man (mthlyoke.edu). This paper is going to tell you about two of the writers of the Romanticism Era, Edgar Allen Poe and Nathaniel Hawthorne, how real-life events affected their writings, and how their professional careers affected their writings. Edgar Allen Poe was born in Boston, Massachusetts, on January 19,1809 to two traveling actors (Poe s Museum). Poe was the second ofRead More Puritanism in The Scarlet Letter, Bartleby, and Daisy Miller1375 Words   |  6 Pagesfor humans to achieve, I believe that Puritanism would only add to the degradation of society today. The books The Scarlet Letter, Bartleby, and Daisy Miller exemplify this theory. Puritanisms ultimate goal was to essentially establish a religiously pure and socialistic community in which everyone would work for the good of one another. However, Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter contradicts the belief that a society of this sort can ever exist. Rather, he theorizes that the suppression of thisRead MoreDark Romanticism By Edgar Allen Poe1625 Words   |  7 Pageslike cats and bats or other dark figures such as vampires and witchcraft†. This essay will bring to you information about dark romanticism and many literature artist who use this style of writing. Authors such as Edgar Allen Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Herman Melville quickly became the leaders or the Gothic style Literature. Prezi also goes onto say â€Å"a common setting for these stories would be ruined or abandoned castles, with old secret passages that lead to unknown places in the building. ARead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne Essay879 Words   |  4 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne resisted the idea that humanity had divine potential and acknowledged the reality of evil. Hawthorne believed that every society needed to have a jail and grave yard, â€Å" The founders of a new colony, whatever Utopia of human virtue and happiness they might originally project, have invariably recognized it among their earliest practical necessities to allot a portion of the virgin soil as a cemetery, and another portion as the site of a prison† (2331). He thought that people areRead More Romanticism in Scarlet Letter, Ministers Black Veil, and Young Goodman Brown2077 Words   |  9 PagesAmerican Romanticism in The Scarlet Letter, The Ministers Black Veil, and Young Goodman Brown      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nathaniel Hawthorne took elements of the European romanticism and reshaped them into a new literary form that is called American Romanticism. The American Romanticists created a form that, at first glance, seems ancient and traditional; they borrowed from classical romance, adapted pastoral themes and incorporated Gothic elements (Reuben 22). Some of the definable elements of romanticism

Employee and Payroll System Free Essays

Rwanda Tourism University College PROJECT PROPOSAL Project title: EMPLOYEE AND PAYROLL SYSTEM Done by: MAHORO Hisham BITG/0053/10/E Tel: +250788801653 Employee and Payroll System Introduction Employee and Payroll System, this project is made in the Microsoft Visual Basic 6. 0. This project keeps the record of employees working in the company. We will write a custom essay sample on Employee and Payroll System or any similar topic only for you Order Now A user can add, delete or update the record of one or more employees. This project also calculate   the   salary   of   employees   and   store them in a database. Description This is Employee and Payroll System software. In this software all the records of the employee is stored. Admin has the right to edit and delete the employee information. The employees can view their personal information,   salary details, and their leave details. this software is user friendly. This software can be used for those companies where they have lot of employees. here u will find all types of coding like coding for insert, delete, to view. Even u find queries like selecting the data from more than 2 tables. so u will get lot of help from this project. All about Employee and Payroll System: The first form in the project is welcome form. After it we write coding of above mention form which is define below:- 1. Coding for add record for Employee. 2. Coding for delete the record from . 3. Coding for editing the record from the data base. 4. Coding for view the record form. 5. Coding for the advance view record form. 6. Coding for the salary information form. 7. Coding for the salary input form. 8. Coding for the delete salary form. 9. Coding for some button such as exit, cancel, ok   next, previous and find   button. This project keeps the record of employees working in the company. A user can add, delete or update the record of one or more employees. This project also calculates the salary of employees and stores them in a database. So we define the coding of every from, one thing which is I forgot to tell you that we make a Eleven form in this project which is mention below:- * Welcome Form * Login Form * Main Form * Add New Record Form * Delete Record Form * Edit Record Form * View Record Form * Advance View Record * Salary Information Form * Edit Salary Form * Delete Salary Form How to cite Employee and Payroll System, Essay examples

Importance of Communication in Workplace-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Disucss about the Management Communication. Answer: An organization usually encourages teamwork amongst its employees to ensure collective decision making, problem-solving and hence higher productivity. Where there is a group of people working towards a common goal, conflicts and disagreements arise due to different reasons. Every person has an idea or a particular perspective which differs from that of the other team members. The way a manager would like to organize his team might not be pleased with the individuals under him who might end up complaining about the strategies put in place (Nahavandi, 2014). When different parties have varying approaches to a particular issue, then conflict arises as they both want their ideas implemented. A conflicting situation cannot be resolved by a single individual regardless of their position on the team. All the members have to agree to be able to make a peaceful working condition between them all (Nahavandi, 2014). The case study is of the workers in the sales and marketing department of a Glo bal Patent and Trademark Firm. It would be helpful for the team to solve their internal issues and sort their disagreements as it helps them in dealing with clients and the external market. The team at the firm mentioned above has undergone a few changes in the way the management and other operations are carried out following a 26% loss in the department. Mr Tadokoro, the managing director, was forced to make changes in his district by firing some of the employees and make implementations to ensure that the team is set to rectify the situation (Nahavandi, 2014). However, the changes made the situation even worse as some marketing personnels were given new positions that they did not like. Terry, Nashira and Narco were in charge of sub-divisions before the reshuffling and now have to work under Mr Hans who was the business director. The three individuals felt like they have been demoted and with less power to make changes in their areas of specifications while Hans felt more dominant as he was controlling the team (Doherty Guyler, 2008). These individuals hold essential positions which might cost the firm a lot of losses if they do not work up to their work expectations. As a consultant, the situation can be solved by first of all setting ground rules that govern the way they deal with each other (Doherty Guyler, 2008). It is clear that Hans has just been given a chance to lead the team in achieving the new goal that he proposed to the director. It is therefore essential for them to hold a meeting and agree on what Hans can do and what he cannot do. Since it is critical to ensure that there is someone to control the team, his powers should be limited to ensure that it does not threaten the position of others. Secondly, the team should also learn to compromise specific situations that will lead to coexisting while at work. The lead should be able to listen to what the other members have to say and put into consideration to give each a fair chance of participation, and the vice versa is true (Doherty Guyler, 2008). F inally, they should reach an agreement concerning the whole process of resolution and settle at the same decision on how they will be relating to each other to make their activities efficiently. Marketing is an essential department of an organization and determines the success or failure they attain, hence the importance of having a supportive team. References Nahavandi, A. (2014). Organizational behavior. Doherty, N., Guyler, M. (2008). The essential guide to workplace mediation conflict resolution: Rebuilding working relationships. London: Kogan Page.

The heritage of the Soviet Union

Two decades ago many people thought the number of democratic countries would increase significantly in Europe. The dissolution of the Soviet Union was regarded as a potent impetus for countries of Central and Eastern Europe to develop into democratic Western-like states. People in Western Europe and North America as well as people of Central and Eastern Europe strived for democratic societies in the post-Soviet regions.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The heritage of the Soviet Union specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, now it is evident that Europe has hardly been ‘enriched’ by truly democratic states as countries of Central and Eastern Europe developed in semi-democratic or even authoritarian states. Researchers single out different political, economic, cultural and historical reasons for such trends. The future of these countries is also seen differently. Clearly, apart from political, cultur al, historical and socio-economic factors, geopolitical situation will play an important role in the development of these countries. It is necessary to note that the countries of Central and Eastern Europe have much in common. Roberts (2006) notes that Communist heritage affected the countries in quite a specific way making the states more centralized and people less politically active. At that, cultural peculiarities of the countries and economic factors resulted in different types of democracies which have been developed in this or that country of Central and Eastern Europe. Researchers suggest different classifications of the democracies in the region. However, it is possible to note that all of these classifications are based on the level of authoritarian rule in a country. It is possible to exploit the classification used in in the study implemented by Freedom House (Freedom House 2012). According to this study, the countries of Central and Eastern Europe can be divided into th e following groups: consolidated democracies (Estonia, Slovenia, Latvia, Czech Republic, Poland, Lithuania, Slovakia and Hungary), semi-consolidated democracies (Bulgaria, Romania, Croatia, Serbia, Macedonia and Montenegro), hybrid regimes (Albania, Bosnia, Ukraine, Georgia and Moldova), semi-consolidated authoritarian regimes (Kosovo and Armenia) and consolidated authoritarian regimes (Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan). Thus, to understand the future of these countries, it is important to consider political systems within the countries and define factors which resulted in the development of such regimes. Roberts (2006) analyses the democracies in terms of the variables suggested by Lijphart. One of the variables is centralization of power within democratic powers. Roberts (2006) points out that in the majority of cases democratic states do not have a very strict centralized power. However, when it comes to the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, they are all unitary and centralized.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the one hand, centralization cannot be regarded as a negative feature as it is often associated with well-organised structures which cooperate and contribute to the development of countries. Furthermore, post-communist countries of Central and Eastern Europe are rather small. They are characterised by ethnical homogeneity. Therefore, centralization is but natural for these countries. Nonetheless, centralization which is a characteristic feature of the countries in Central and Eastern Europe leads to negative outcomes. This centralization prevents proper cooperation between different bodies within the state. In federal states, local authorities interact with federal bodies which, in their turn, cooperate with each other. Thus, needs of all stakeholders are addressed to the fullest. Centr alization is deprived of such a comprehensive cooperation which leads to a gap between the power and people. It is important to note that centralization is not only caused by ethnical homogeneity. The Soviet Union was a highly centralised state and the Communist rule can still be traced in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (Roberts 2006). Roberts (2006) claims that the countries employ the pattern used in the Soviet Union where centralization was characterised by a variety of negative features. First, there was almost no cooperation among different bodies of the state. Likewise, the countries of the post-Soviet region show lack of cooperation between their institutions. The centre often imposes requirements that should be strictly followed by regions, though the centre often does not have comprehensive information on the matter. Thus, it is possible to note that centralization has become one of distinctive features of democracy in the countries in question. Apart from cent ralization, Roberts (2006) singles out another peculiarity of these democracies. The researcher notes that the countries are highly consensus, i.e. their governments are characterised by: [A] multiparty system, the predominance of minority or surplus majority cabinets, a rough balance between the executive and legislature, a low level of disproportionality in electoral results, and strong corporatism. (Roberts 2006, p. 39)Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The heritage of the Soviet Union specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Notably, the number of parties in these countries significantly exceeds the number of parties in established democracies. Again, there are two sides of this plurality. On the one hand, a lot of different groups can be represented in legislative bodies of the countries. This can be regarded as a positive sign of democracy as needs of larger numbers of people can be met. Therefore, it is possible to state that former Communist republics managed to evolve into democratic states (Rupnik 1999). However, the Communist heritage affected the development of democracies which differ from established democracies of Western Europe. The rule of a single party made people unprepared to the availability of a number of political forces. Thus, this kind of plurality is very negative in nature. The electoral systems of the countries in question are characterised by wasted votes. There are many parties and people often give their votes to countries which have no chances to enter the parliament. These wasted votes are often used by elite groups which obtain more seats in legislative bodies. Furthermore, the abundance of political parties is also associated with people’s unawareness of political agendas of this or that party. This unawareness makes people alienate from politics. It makes them less politically active. It is also necessary to point out that people are somewhat alienated as they still feel distrust towards their governments. Bideleux (2007) claims that the autocratic rule of the Communist Party in the USSR made people see the power as something alienated from people and real issues. People of Central and Eastern Europe did not rely on the support of the political forces and never participated in the political life of their countries as the Communist Party was a single ruling force which did not take into account people’s will and needs. After the dissolution of the USSR, the countries had a very difficult period when political forces were unable to take control over the country’s development. Non-state agents (criminals) had a significant influence which spread to almost all spheres of people’s life. All these factors contributed greatly to development of people’s distrust towards political forces in the country as people have been witnesses of these forces’ inability to cooperate and lead the country. Apart from peop le’s alienation, this kind of plurality is proved to be ineffective as political parties have too different agendas and can hardly cooperate with each other (Way Levitskiy 2007).Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The lack of cooperation and the abundance of political parties as well as people’s alienation can be explained. In the first place, the Soviet Union was a state ruled by a single Communist Party. It is quite natural that after the dissolution of the USSR the former Soviet republics were striving for plurality. The rule of a single force proved to be authoritarian and ineffective. Therefore, numerous political parties focusing on specific groups of people or particular issues have appeared in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (Vejvoda Kaldor 2002). People of the countries in question tried to exploit patterns used in Western Europe, but they deemed a greater number of parties would positively affect the development of democracy in their countries. At this point, it is important to pay attention to political struggle in the countries. It is very suggestive. In the countries with consolidated authoritarian regimes (e.g. Belarus or Kazakhstan) there is almost no strong opposition. Interestingly, Levitsky and Way (2010, pp. 183-184) note that â€Å"authoritarian breakdown in Serbia (2000), Georgia (2003), and Ukraine (2004)† can be regarded as a sign of the rise of opposition and development of new â€Å"opposition tactics† and formation of movements which â€Å"toppled non-democratic governments (the so-called color [sic] revolutions)†. Admittedly, these colour revolutions did bring some changes, though they should be seen as a sign of unpreparedness of people of Central and Eastern Europe to exploit effective protest tactics which could have positive results. Clearly, political forces of the new states were unprepared to cooperate and even protest properly as the Soviet rule presupposed strict obedience rather than cooperation (Berg-Schlosser 2007). The years of the Soviet rule show that protests were always suppressed by the Party. People even failed to develop proper protest tactics as all attempts were always suppressed. Roberts (2006) also notes that people are now very hostile to Communist Party especially in the Balkans or in such countries as the Czech Republic or Poland. This contributes to the lack of cooperation among the parties as some political forces in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe are still associated with the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Roberts (2006) states that even effective policies are often ignored if they were initiated by parties associated with the Communist Party of the USSR. Besides, Roberts (2006, p. 51) stresses that â€Å"communism had eliminated almost all traces of civil and economic society, the source of the bargaining partners for corporatism†. This leads to the short-lived governments which are unable to follow a particular political trajectory. Another distinctive feature of democracies in Central and Eastern Europe is corruption. The corruption is a result of the unstable political situation in the countries. Clearly, corruption also contributes to the development of distrust to the political forces. Again, the corruption is not only a product of the difficult times of the 1990s, but it is a product of the Soviet system which was also rather corrupted (Levitsky Way 2010). There were some interest groups and certain political elite which made major (or rather all) decisions. Therefore, it is clear that countries of Central and Eastern Europe have developed quite specific democracies due to the Soviet heritage. There are lots of features which are common for the countries. However, there are also many differences. These differences are not based on cultural peculiarities only. Geopolitical factors significantly affected development of the countries of the region. Thus, some countries managed to develop more established democracies whereas some countries made almost no progress since the early 1990s. As far as the most democratic states are concerned, they were established in Slovenia, Estonia, Latvia, Poland, Cze ch Republic, Lithuania, Slovakia and Hungary (Freedom House 2012). There are several reasons for these nations’ success. In the first place, these countries managed to break connections with Russia quite quickly. These countries managed to choose a particular West-oriented trajectory. It is necessary to note that the connections were not very close historically. Therefore, the countries had no difficulties with this process. The choice of these countries was appreciated by such established democracies as the USA, the UK, France, Germany, etc. These countries provided financial aid and other types of support to the new post-Soviet countries which had made the choice. The financial aid enabled countries to develop economically which, in its turn, led to political stability. Admittedly, not all post-Soviet countries enjoyed stability and economic growth. Such states as Bulgaria, Romania, Croatia, Serbia, Macedonia and Montenegro were not that successful (Freedom House 2012). How ever, these countries failed to develop consolidated democracies due to ethnical strife. Military conflicts led to unstable political and economic situation in the region. Nonetheless, these countries managed to overcome the difficulties and political forces managed to start cooperating. Now these countries are developing quite rapidly. Though, there are various issues to address, it is possible to trace positive trends in the countries’ development. Besides, these countries also obtain support of Western democracies which leads to development of economic and political stability in the region. Hybrid regimes in Albania, Bosnia, Ukraine, Georgia and Moldova as well as semi-consolidated authoritarian regimes in Kosovo and Armenia developed due to a number of reasons (Freedom House 2012). For instance, Albania, Bosnia and Kosovo suffered from a number of ethnical conflicts. These conflicts led to the lack of stability which, in its turn, resulted in a slow development. As for Uk raine, Georgia and Moldova, these countries still have quite close connections with Russia, i.e. with the old Soviet model of centralized power where Russia still dictates certain requirements. Notably, Moldova and Georgia are more successful in their attempts to become free from the influence of the former central power. These countries are trying to change the trajectory of their development. These countries also obtain assistance from Western democracies. As for Ukraine, the country is still under a significant influence as Russia still interferes in the home and foreign policy of Ukraine. The country has not still chosen the trajectory and the elements of Western democratic models are intermingled with elements of Soviet-Russian authoritarian regime. Finally, consolidated authoritarian regimes developed in Belarus (as well as in Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan) due to the fact that these countries still have close connections with Russ ia and still exploit old Soviet models. In these countries a specific elite group is in power. For instance, Belarusian President Lukashenko has been in office since 1994. Lukashenko employs authoritarian ways to rule the country. The country is characterised by the absence of significant protest movements. There were several attempts to overthrow the existing regime, but all attempts failed. The centralization is especially vivid in this state. Notably, economic situation in the country is relatively stable. However, judicial power is a manifestation of the will of the groups in power (Roberts 2006). There are also lots of cases of violation of people’s civil rights. It is also important to note that there are no significant political changes in the state. All these historical facts and contemporary trends can help predict future trajectory change in the post-Soviet countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Clearly, consolidated democracies of the region will continue their c ooperation with Western states. Such countries as Poland can be regarded as a very good example of a country which is developing rapidly. Thus, judicial system of this country is considered to be the best in the world (Roberts 2006). Slovenia, Estonia, Latvia, Poland, Czech Republic, Lithuania, Slovakia and Hungary are characterised by a significant change. These countries show traits of democratisation in all spheres. People of these countries have already become politically active. They participate in elections and they take part in the process of decision making. What is more, people of these countries have trust in their government and other political forces. The people of these countries feel they do influence the development of their country (Berg-Schlosser 2007). Of course, this is one of the signs of the democratic state. Notably, development of democratic state will also lead to stability in the country. Furthermore, economic support of the Western countries will help the f ormer Soviet republics become in a row with established democracies of Western Europe. It is possible to state that the future trajectory of these countries is unlikely to change, which will positively affect the development of these countries. As for such countries as Bulgaria, Romania, Croatia, Serbia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Moldova and Georgia; the situation in these countries is not that stable and the trajectory of their development can change (Berg-Schlosser 2007). However, this change is also unlikely. These countries show quite definite Western orientation. They employ Western models of development. There are signs of democratisation in all spheres. Remarkably, the power has restored people’s trust which is very important. People start actively participating in the political life of the state. One of the possible hazards to the democratic development of the countries (especially Croatia and Serbia) is still ethnic strife. Economic crises can also cause a change of the trajectory. At that, assistance of Western democracies can prevent both economic constraints and change of trajectory. Even when an economic crisis breaks out in one of these countries, the countries will still remain focused on Western models of development which proved to be effective. Finally, the countries which can change trajectories are Belarus and Ukraine. As far as the former is concerned, there are signs of growing discontent with the present regime. The rising number of protests in the country can be regarded as a sign of an upcoming change. Though there is still lack of such democratic features as free media, people still get to know about the protest movements which can eventually lead to a change. At that, the protest movements are also West-oriented, i.e. protestors require democratic development of the country. Furthermore, tension between Belarus and Russia can also become an impetus to change the political trajectory. Finally, economic decline can lead to the grow th of people’s discontent, which, in its turn, will lead to changes. As far as Ukraine is concerned, the political situation in the country is quite unstable (Berg-Schlosser 2007). The power cannot gain people’s trust. Corruption is another hazard to the democratic development of the country. There is still no cooperation between political forces within the country. The major political forces of the country have quite opposite agendas and orientations. Thus, it is quite difficult to predict which force will gain more power. Upcoming elections can provide some insights into possible scenarios of the country’s development. However, existing trends show that the country is likely to choose the Western model of development and will continue democratic development. In conclusion, it is necessary to point out that the heritage of the Soviet Union is still manifested in the political systems of the post-Soviet countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Many countries of this region still exploit Soviet models of governance. Thus, the countries are highly centralised which is not only a result of quite small size of the states, but is also a product of extremely centralized power in the Soviet Union. Corruption which is a significant issue to be addressed in the region is also a product of the former Soviet rule. The abundance of political parties is another distinctive feature of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. At that, people and political forces of the countries are hostile to the Communist party and parties associated with it. This often negatively affects the process of decision making. The tension between parties within the countries leads to the lack of cooperation which, in its turn, prevents countries from proper democratic development. It is also important to note that the countries of the region in question have certain peculiarities. Thus, some countries are rapidly developing employing Western models. These countries obtain assistance from Western democracies. At the same time, they have almost no connections with Russia which still exploits authoritarian models. However, some countries are developing at a slower pace due to cultural peculiarities. Ethnical strife and economic constraints have prevented these countries from democratization. Finally, there is still the country (Belarus) which employs authoritarian models. However, irrespective of certain factors, it is possible to trace definite trends which show gradual democratisation of the countries in Central and Eastern Europe. More so, it is possible to trace the trajectory chosen by the countries. The vast majority of the countries have chosen democratization and Western models of development. These countries are highly unlikely to change the trajectory of their development. However, such countries as Belarus and Ukraine can change the trajectories. Though, it is also necessary to note that these countries are likely to continue democratization exploiting patterns of established democracies. Therefore, it is possible to state that Central and Eastern Europe can soon (within several decades) consist of democratic countries only. Admittedly, the Soviet rule had a great impact on each country and it still influences the development of these countries. Nonetheless, the countries start exploiting patterns used by established democracies of Western Europe. The former Soviet states of Central and Eastern Europe are gradually becoming well-established democratic countries, therefore, reshaping the geopolitical situation in Europe. Reference List Berg-Schlosser, D 2007, ‘The quality of post-communist democracy’, in S White, J Batt PG Lewis (ed.), Developments in Central and East European Politics, Duke University Press, Hampshire. Bideleux, R 2007, ‘Making democracy work’ in the Eastern half of Europe: explaining and conceptualizing divergent trajectories of post-communist democratization’, Perspe ctives on European Politics and Society 8.2, pp. 109-130. Freedom House 2003, Nations in Transit 2012, https://freedomhouse.org/report/nations-transit/nations-transit-2012. Levitsky, S Way, LA 2010, Competitive authoritarianism: hybrid regimes after the Cold War, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Roberts, A 2006, ‘What kind of democracy is emerging in Eastern Europe?’, Post-Soviet Affairs 22.1, pp. 37-64. Rupnik, J 1999, ‘The postcommunist divide’, Journal of Democracy 10.1, pp. 57-62. Vejvoda, I Kaldor, M 2002, Democratization in Central and Eastern Europe, Continuum International Publishing Group, London. Way, LA Levitsky, S 2007, ‘Linkage, leverage, and the post-Communist Divide’, East European Politics and Societies 21.1, pp. 48-66. This essay on The heritage of the Soviet Union was written and submitted by user Eva Ross to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Boogie Nights essays

Boogie Nights essays The film, Boogie Nights, is film about the pornography business in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Through this industry we meet many different characters going through varying problems. This paper will show that although most of the film follows the career of a young man embarking on a career as a porn actor, this serves as a vehicle for a story about the importance and complications of family. While blood is of no importance in this family setting, the bonds that these characters make with each other rivals any family. This combined with the identity crisis of the time period is the basis for this very well made film. The setting is of particular importance at the beginning of the film. Dirk Diggler, or Eddie, as he was referred to at the beginning of the film, lived at home with his two parents in a suburb south of Los Angeles, Torrance, California. Living in the suburbs would be of no importance if one did not know the referential meaning of typical suburban life. Suburban families are usually thought of as being ideal, loving, nuclear families where the mom stays home to take care of the house and family while the father goes to work to make money. This concept is played upon in the first scene that the family is shown together. Just as the stereotype permits, his family is first shown together at breakfast. It looks at first like this is a typical suburban family with the mom cooking at the stove, son eating at the table, and the dad coming into the kitchen in his suit for work and kissing his wife on the cheek. For this film, however, this image is created only to immediately destro y these preconceived notions of suburban life. It was the perfect suburban family down to the kiss, on the surface. While kissing your wife on the cheek in the morning while she cooks breakfast for her family would fit the perfect picture, instead, she snaps at him and scolds him saying that he should not do that if he hasn...

ENVIORNMENTAL REGULATIONS Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

ENVIORNMENTAL REGULATIONS - Coursework Example The absence of minimum wage rate in Singapore is a matter of concern especially for migrant workers. Due to increasing problems of environmental pollution caused by several industries and by industrialization policies pursued since the late 1960s, Malaysia developed its first framework environmental legislation called the Environmental Quality Act 1974. During the start of its life, the act took major steps to curb the ever increasing pollution in the country and it was not until 1987 that the environmental impact assessment (EIA) procedures were introduced to undertake preventative measures as well. Section 34A of the Environmental Quality (Amendment) Act 1985 makes it obligatory for anyone who wishes to undertake some activity to conduct a study to weigh the environmental impacts that the activity will have and the measures to be undertaken. The Malaysian EIA procedures are comparable to the National Environmental Policy Act 1969 (NEPA) model of the USA (Memon, n.d.). The number of environmental laws has grown rapidly and may be sufficient in number but not in quality. These laws have been unable to curb the ever increasing pollution in Malaysia. One of the reasons is that the legislation was mainly passed to cover and address situations as they arose with time, not to address the core environmental issues. There are also a significant number of breaches of environmental law but enforcement action is extremely low: to date only 5 cases are reported in the law reports of Malaysia under the heading of environmental law (Bt. Maidin, 2005). Singapore’s environmental issues are typical of an urbanized city. The issues relate to pollution from industrialization and urbanization and the protection of nature areas. The overall environmental management lies with the Ministry of Environment (ENV) established in 1970 which has become a full-fledged ministry and is responsible for a number of areas such as providing infrastructure for waste management, and

Petroleum Economic and Oil field management 2013-2014 Essay

Petroleum Economic and Oil field management 2013-2014 - Essay Example Secondly, the natural gas industry requires a firm that has financial muscle to produce the natural gas because it is an expensive venture. Such a firm will have excessive power to dominate control, and regulation initiatives even from governments especially if it is a multinational company. The natural gas industry mainly operates through pipeline transportation and distribution aspects, which are naturally monopolistic because they are characterized by high fixed costs and long lead time making duplication uneconomical. This creates a wide barrier to entry for potential participants and competitors. They also require price and non-price regulation. Without effective regulation, the natural gas industry can develop into a natural monopoly. In fact, price regulations sometimes fail to control the prices because such prices depend on various factors such as production costs, inflation and transportation costs among others (DiLorenzo, 1996:45). In situations where governments run the natural gas industry, the industry turns to state monopoly such as in Mexico. The Mexican government introduced a program of reform in 1988. However, it was until 1995 that reform in natural gas industry began to include private companies. However, before this, state owned firms controlled the industry making it a monopoly. In fact, even after the entrance of private firms state owned firms still ruled the market making it a state monopoly (Joskow, 2007:1227). Q1 represents entire size of the market. Point E1 is the equilibrium that cooresponds to quantity at Q1 and determines the price at P1. Thus, when there is one firm only producing natural gas, the marginal cost of supply is P1 and is lower than the duopoly price P2. Thus, the presence of one firm in the market will be price efficient compared to two firms. If the natural gas industry

The History Of Construction Waste Minimization Environmental Sciences Essay

The History Of Construction Waste Minimization Environmental Sciences Essay Chapter two is a review of contemporary literature related to the topic. It will explain how authors perceive Construction waste recycling method for waste minimization purposes. The literature review will also discuss about the underpinning theory, what is known and unknown about the topic. It will also discuss about what various researchers have done in the past, especially in the area of construction waste recycling method for waste minimization purposes. 2.2 BACKGROUND Much of the waste stream going to landfill consists of solid waste from the construction and demolition of buildings. Waste minimisation strategies have been popular for some time in the construction industry. This paper considers the effect of these strategies on one case study. Sourcing materials with recycled content in terms of embodied energy and cost is suggested as the next phase of environmental management in construction. Many studies measure waste from construction sites on the basis of either volume or mass, to gauge the effect on disposal costs (Johnston and Minks, 1995; Graham and Smithers, 1996; Faniran and Caban, 1998). This does not give the best appreciation of the problem in terms of the environment. The savings from using materials with recycled content can be best measured in terms of the environment by considering their embodied energy (Thormark, 2000). Embodied energy represents 10-40 times the annual operational energy of most Australian residential buildings, depending upon building design, climate construction systems, equipment type, fuel sources and building usage patterns. Each year in Australia, the embodied energy used in construction is approximately equal to the annual operational energy of the built stock, and together they make up 30-40 per cent of national energy use and greenhouse gas emissions. There are several problems with existing embodied energy analysis methods, which include process analysis, input-output analysis and hybrid analysis. Process analysis, while accurate for particular processes, often ignores a large number of small to medium processes. Input-output analysis, despite its many inherent errors, is used because of its unique property of systemic completeness. Errors for process analysis data are approximately 10 per cent (Boustead and Hancock, 1979), and for input-output data errors are approximately 50 per cent (Miller and Blair, 1985). Hybrid analysis methods attempt to reduce the errors inherent in each of the two previous methods. There are two types: one based on the process analysis framework and the other based on the input-output framework. For the hybrid analysis methods, errors vary between these rates, depending upon the mix of process and input-output data. 2.3 Construction Waste Construction waste can be divided into three principal categories namely material, labour, and machinery waste. However, material wastage is given more concern because most of the raw materials used in construction industry come from non-renewable resources (Ekanayake and Offori, 2000). construction waste is defined as: the difference between the value of those materials delivered and accepted on site and those used properly as specified and accurately measured in the work, after deducting the cost saving of substituted materials and those transferred elsewhere (Peng and Tan, 1998). Similarly, the Building Research Establishment (BRE) has defined building waste as the difference between materials ordered and those placed for fixing on building projects (Skoyles and Skoyles, 1987). Recently, for the purpose of evaluation of the construction material waste sources, Ekanayake and Offori (2000) have given a broader definition of the construction waste as: any material, apart from earth materials, which need to be transported elsewhere from the construction site or used within the construction site itself for the purpose of land filling, incineration, recycling, reusing or composting, other than the intended specific purpose of the project due to material damage, excess, non-use, or non-compliance with the specifications or being a by-product of the construction process. 2.3.1 Definition of construction waste Construction waste is anything generated as a result of construction and then abandoned, regardless of whether it has been processed or stockpiled. It comprises surplus materials from site clearance, excavation, construction, refurbishment, renovation, demolition and road works. There are two types of construction waste: Inert construction waste Non-inert construction waste Non-inert construction waste is around 20% of the total and usually comprises bamboo, timber, vegetation, packaging waste and other organic materials. Some of these can be recycled while others are disposed of at landfills. In contrast, inert waste otherwise known as public fill mainly includes construction debris, rubble, earth, bitumen and concrete, which can be used for land formation. Materials like concrete and asphalt can also be recovered for construction use. Wastes can be defined as all wastes in solid form which are discarded as useless or unwanted and in general arise from human activities. Construction wastes are wastes generated from building, demolition and refurbishment works for individual housing, commercial building or other structures. (Peavy et al., 1985) 2.4 Construction waste minimization Waste minimization is a waste management approach that focuses on reducing the amount and toxicity of hazardous waste that is generated. In addition to hazardous wasted regulated under RCRA, the EPA encourages waste minimization techniques that focus on preventing waste from ever being created, (source reduction) and recycling. there are three general methods of waste minimization: source reduction, recycling, and treatment. 2.4.1 Steps of waste minimization: Reduce consumption of resources by building smaller houses that are better designed for your needs. This is the most effective way to conserve precious resources for use by future generations and reduce waste. It also lowers costs. Re-use existing buildings and materials and reduce demand for resources, lower waste volumes and save money. Dont Demolish Deconstruct, give old buildings new lives. Recycle resources that are left over or have reached the end of their useful life. This will reduce demand for new materials and lower the volume of waste going to landfill. sending building material to landfill is like throwing money in the bin. Use renewable resources like sustainably managed forests. This creates a sustainable economy and helps conserve non-renewable resources use materials with high recycled content to create a market for recycled resources. It will raise the price paid by recyclers for recovered resources and increase the viability of recycling. 2.4.2 Landfill Our traditional means of waste disposal (landfill) is uneconomic. Costs to communities for operating and maintaining landfill sites are high and availability of suitable land is limited. Re-use options for landfill sites are extremely limited due to potential health hazards. Remedial action is often prohibitively expensive. Emissions and leachate from landfill sites can be highly toxic due to concentrations of heavy metals and toxic chemicals. These toxins find their way into the water table and/or waterways, often with disastrous consequences. We must reduce waste volumes going to landfill and remove toxic content from materials before disposal. Using other option then sending to landfill. . 2.4.3 Why prevent waste and recycle? 2.4.3.1 Reduce Costs Recycling, reusing salvaged building materials and minimizing materials and packaging reduces waste disposal costs and material expenses. 2.4.3.2 Marketing Opportunity The companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s experience in waste prevention and recycling can be an essential marketing Tool to the growing number of potential clients interested in participating in the Leed and Build green building programs. 2.4.3.3 Tax Deduction When you hire a deconstruction service to remove reusable building materials, the client can Take a tax deduction when they donate the materials to a nonprofit organization. 2.5 Construction Waste Management Construction Waste Management is the practice of reducing the actual waste that go to the dump site. Waste reduction is best met by recycling and construction wastes do offer a lot of opportunities for recycling. In fact, 80% of the wastes found in construction trash heaps are recyclable, one way or another. Wood, asphalt, concrete, bricks, metals, glass and even paint do offer several options for recycling.There are three basic steps for construction waste management. They are Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle. Reduce is basically preventing waste from appearing. So it helps if those building materials come in with preplanned sizes. 2.5.1 Construction waste management strategies Four main construction waste management strategies were identified from the literature (Gavilan and Bernold, 1994; Peng et al., 1997; Faniran and Caban, 1998). They were: reuse; avoid or reduction; recycling; and disposal. Among these three strategies, avoiding waste which infers elimination or minimization of waste, has been given the highest priority as it requires the least resources other than planning and designing skills. Developing a waste minimization culture in the construction industry may be the initial process of a minimization strategy (Teo and Loosemore, 2001; McDonald and Smithers, 1998). Reuse refers to simply moving materials from one application to another. The third option is recycling and construction waste recycling is a process of separation and recycling of recoverable waste materials generated during construction and remodelling. Composting has also begun to emerge as a new application of an ancient technology, where organic land-clearing debris is processed to produce humus for soil treatment (Ekanayake, 2000). Further, incineration is another process of destroying waste material by burning it and, while once regarded as a practical method of disposing of hazardous waste materi als, it has of late, become controversial for many reasons such as the fact that it creates toxic gas and ash, which can harm local populations and pollute groundwater. Disposal or land filling is the lowest in the hierarchy. Since reduction was identified as the most effective strategy for waste management, several techniques used in construction can be recommended as waste reduction initiatives. Off-site construction technology (dry construction) was highlighted in the literature. For instance, using pre-cast elements one could eliminate 30 per cent to 40 per cent of wastage on building construction sites (Poon et al., 2004b). In addition, there are many advantages of pre-cast element manufacturing such as saving time and overall cost, due to enabling concurrent different production lines; increasing constructability and reducing congestion on site due to changing from an uncontrollable work environment on site to a controllable one in factories (Benjaoran and Dawood, 2004). Therefore, the present paper attempts to identify how effective the use of pre-cast elements in building projects are in construction to minimize construction waste. 2.5.2 Insufficient regulations The importance of complete governmental regulations for supporting construction and demolition waste management has been extensively investigated. For example, although the Hong Kong government has implemented various types of regulations to minimize construction and demolition waste production, it is found by Tam (2008a) that the mandatory system in implementing the waste management plan for all construction projects would significantly affect the productivity of companies. This is echoed by the study from Shen and Tam (2002), suggesting that legal measures are not effective for implementing environmental management in Hong Kong construction. In all the regulations in Bulgaria, construction and demolition waste is mentioned jointly with municipal waste and the majority of measures envisaged are aimed at the improvement of municipal waste management (Hadjieva-Zaharieva et al., 2003). It is also reported by Kartam et al. (2004) that clear regulations and rules from Kuwait Municipality are lacking for allowing and persuading contractors to use recycled products made from construction and demolition waste.

Chemistry 208 All QUIZ Essay

The Scientific Method Step 1: Performing Experiments Step 2: Making Observations Step 3: Proposing a Hypothesis Step 4: Confirming the Hypothesis Step 5: Proposing a Scientific Law Scientific Notation It is a mathematical expression in which a number is expressed as N x 10^n where N contains only one nonzero digit to the left of the decimal and n is an integer. Rules for Determining Significant Figures (digits) -All nonzero digits are significant figures -Counting begins from the left with the first nonzero number -Zeros between nonzero digits are counted as sig. Figures -Terminal zeros (zeros to the right of the right of a number) are always significant if the value contains a decimal point. Ex: 2. 3700 g: 5 significant figures 17. 50 mL: 4 significant figures Rule 1- In calculations involving measured values (with a certain # of sig. figs), the number of sig figs in the final answer depends on the operation performed. Rule 2- In multiplication and division of measured quantities, the final answer contains the same number of sig figs as are in the measurement with the least number of sig figs. Rule 3- In the final answer of a calculation involving exact numbers, unit conversion factors and constants, the number of significant figures is dictated by the measured quantity involved. Density = Mass/ Volume Matter: The term matter is used to describe things that occupy space and are perceivable by our senses. It can be classifies in terms of its physical state or chemical composition. Elements: composed of one type of atom. Classified as a metal, nonmetal or metalloid. Compound: a combination of elements in a definite proportion. Atoms of each individual elements are chemically combined to form the compound. A chemical change can break down a compound into its individual elements. Mixture: a non-pure substance made of 2 or more elements or compounds that can be separated by physical procedures. Protons have a positive charge, found in the nucleus. Neutrons have no charge, found in the nucleus. Electrons have a negative charge. The atomic number of an element is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus of its atoms. The mass number is equal to the number of protons and neutrons in the atom. To calculate the number of neutrons, subtract the atomic number from the mass number. Molecules are a combination of atoms in a definite proportion e. g. , molecule of water Ions are charged species formed by loss or gain of electron(s) from an atom. Loss of electron – cation (positively charged) Gain of electron – anion (negatively charged)

American Literature Essay

?American literature is any written work of art that is created in the United States. American literature is like all literature, it has literary experiences and contextual history of America. It depicts how America has changed is still changing today. American literature has changed over time just like most canons of literary works. The uniqueness of American literature is that America from its beginning had a special philosophy of life and freedom. The special philosophy of life and freedom that made American literature so unique was reflected in its writings. Americans believed and had faith that God was and is the given of all our rights and freedom. We as Americans had faith in ourselves that we could succeed in anything that we try doing. The literature that we Americans wrote made life worth living because it was displayed for the world to read and understand that life was what we made it. Also by Americans having the ability to spring back from diversity made life worth living and George Washington was a perfect example of this. Literary canon is basically a suggested list of readings that belongs to a country or a certain period in time. Literary canon contains literary works that is mainly by authors who are accepted as an authority in their field and their writings constituting a serious body of literature in any given language. The works that are collected that is included in a literary canon is approved largely by cultural and academic institutions and is observed as literature of that language. Literary work’s popularity is not based only on the quality, but on the relevance of what matters to the context historically, socially, and artistically. Literary canon relate very well to what is going on in society because of what is most important at that time work is being written. The context of the society, whether it is historical, social, or artistic, that is basically the topic. Ethnic writers express the special challenges of realism, naturalism, and regionalism within the American literary experiences. Realism labels a movement in English, European, and American literature that gathered force from the 1930s to the end of the century. Realism attempted to record life as it was lived rather than life as it ought to be lived or had been lived in times past. William Dean Howells stated that realism â€Å"is nothing more and nothing less than the truthful treatment of material. † Present-day literary theorists are probably more aware of what may be called â€Å"the crisis of representation†-the difference between representation and the thing represented-than were these realists of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Naturalism is understood by some as an extension or intensification of realism. It introduces characters from the fringes and depths of society whose fates are determined by degenerate heredity, a sordid environment, and/or a good deal of bad luck. Regionalism writing, another expression of the realist impulse, resulted from the desire both to preserve a record of distinctive ways of life before industrialization dispersed or homogenized them and to come to terms with the harsh realities that seemed to be replacing these early and allegedly happier times. By the end of the twentieth century, every region of the country had a â€Å"local colorist† to immortalize its natural, social, and linguistic features. Ethnic writers define literature as literature that is written by people of a different culture, language, religion, or race. It differs from the canon of traditional American literature because literary canon is a list of work from American instead of from a different race or religion. The historical, socio-political, and cultural topics that might be covered by ethnic writers would be slavery and how the slaves were treated during that time. Slavery is a topic that can be covered under all three. Government issues are a topic that could be covered under socio-political. The debate against government issues such as health care and taxes could be something that ethnic writers could write about. It does not differ from the canon of traditional American literature because the writings have to be by authors who are accepted as an authority in their field and their writings of literature in any given language.

Cave Hyena Facts and Figures

Name: Cave Hyena; also known as Crocuta crocuta spelaea Habitat: Plains of Eurasia Historical Period: Pleistocene-Modern (2 million-10,000 years ago) Size and Weight: About five feet long and 200-250 pounds Diet: Meat Distinguishing Characteristics: Long hind legs; strong jaws with sharp teeth About the Cave Hyena (Crocuta crocuta spelaea) Its not quite as well known as the Cave Bear or the Cave Lion, but the Cave Hyena (Crocuta crocuta spelaea) must have been a common sight in Pleistocene Europe and Asia, to judge by this megafauna mammals numerous fossil remains. As you can guess from its name, this hyena liked to drag its kill (or, more often, the kill of other predators) back to its den, for which purpose it was equipped with longer, more muscular hind legs than contemporary hyenas (of which the Cave Hyena is now classified as a subspecies, rather than a separate species as had previously been thought). One network of caves in Europe has yielded tantalizing evidence about the Cave Hyenas favorite prey animals, with Przewalskis Horse and the Woolly Rhino ranking high up on the dinner menu. Like most opportunistic predators of the Pleistocene epoch, Cave Hyenas occasionally preyed on early humans and hominids, and they werent shy about stealing the hard-earned kill of packs of Neanderthals (which might well doom them to starvation). Where Crocuta crocuta spelaea and the ancestors of modern humans really mixed it up was in the competition for habitable space: paleontologists have identified caves that bear evidence of alternating populations of Cave Hyenas and Neanderthals, a pattern that evidently repeated itself over thousands of years. In fact, the Cave Hyena may have been doomed by the encroachment of early humans on its rapidly dwindling caves, which grew even scarcer after the last Ice Age, about 12,000 years ago. Like many other animals with which our ancestors shared their hard-won territory, the Cave Hyena has been immortalized in primitive cave paintings. One cartoon-like representation can be found in the Chauvet Cave in France, dating to about 20,000 years ago, and a small sculpture (carved from the ivory of a Woolly Mammoth!) was created a few thousand years after that. Its likely that both early humans and Neanderthals memorialized the Cave Hyena as a kind of demigod, and also painted it on the walls of their caves in order to capture its essence and facilitate success in the hunt. (Its unlikely that early Homo sapiens targeted the Cave Hyena for its stringy meat, but its pelt would have been valuable in winter, and anyway it was a good idea to eliminate the competition!).